INTRODUCTION:

C. tora plant, which belongs to the family Leguminosae and also the Family Caesalpiniaceae.^1,2 Approximately 80% of people in underdeveloped nations, according to estimates from the World Health Organisation (WHO), mostly receive their medical care from traditional medicine.³

Cassia tora, also referred to as Senna tora, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine and as a food ingredient in India for centuries. It is a rich source of nutrients and has been found to have various therapeutic properties.⁴Numerous anthraquinones have been discovered in Cassia tora seeds.⁵ In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Cassia tora (C. tora) seeds have been used for millennia., Some Medicinal Properties:

1. Aperient: Laxative properties to treat constipation

2. Anti-asthma: Relief from bronchial constriction and asthma symptoms

3. Diuretic: Increase urine production to treat edema and fluid retention

4. Visual acuity improvement: Believed to enhance vision and treat eye disorders.^6,7

Cassia tora extracts have been traditionally utilised to manage numerous health problems like Skin Ailments, Rheumatic Conditions, and laxatives.^8-10 Considerable hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory qualities have been discovered in the extract of C. tora leaves.^11,12East Asian traditional medicine has made extensive use of whole plants of Cassia tora, such as seeds, leaves, and roots.¹³People in Korea consume tea made from C. tora to help with their vision. Anthraquinone, discovered in C. tora and utilised in Ayurvedic medicine treatment.¹⁴The roasted seeds are edible, and they can be substituted for coffee.¹⁵Oedema, arthritis, snakebites, and skin disorders like psoriasis, ringworm, leprosy, and itching are all treated with it. The seeds of C. tora also have anti-diabetic qualities.¹⁶C. tora seeds have antifungal properties.¹⁷C. tora seeds have antihepatotoxic qualities. Anthraquinone and naphthalene are the primary components of C. tora seeds.¹⁸ C. tora seeds have antimutagenic properties.¹⁹C. tora seeds have antigenotoxic^20. C. tora's seeds have larvicidal qualities.²¹C. tora has a moisture content of 12.6%., 7.2% crude fat, 13.4% crude protein, Ash content: 5.2%, soluble fibre, 48.3% and 8.8% Fibre that is insoluble The seeds of C. tora include chyrsophanic acid, which is used for skin care disorders, gastrointestinal disorders (such as ringworm and eczema), and wounds.^22,23C. Tora seeds have chrysophanic acid, which is utilised to cure jaundice, rheumatism, and anorexia.²⁴To maximise the phytochemicals and functional properties of grains and legumes, optimal germination conditions are essential. For example, the phytochemicals in C. tora can scavenge radicals and fight germs. Antioxidants, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolics are among the bioactive compounds present in C. tora seeds.^25,26 The functions of the rise in antioxidants, metabolic nutrients, and bioactive phytochemicals. By enhancing antioxidant activity and phytochemicals, grain and legume germination expands the health benefits.^27,28 Water priming of seedlings during germination can increase their metabolic activity and enzyme output.²⁹

SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION:

Common Name:

1. Sickle Senna

2. Wild Senna

3. Sickle Pod

4. Chakoda plant

Indian Common Name:

1. Hindi: Charota, Chakvat

2. English: Foetid Cassia

3. Marathi: Takala,tankli

4. Bengali:Panevar, chakunda

5. Gujrati: Kawaria, konariya

6. Kanad: Thagache

7. Rajasthani: Chakuada, panwar, pumaria.^30,31

Vernaculam name:

1. African: Mwango, Swahili

2. Korea: Gyeol-Myeong-Ja.³²

3. Chinese:Jui Ming Zi.³³

4. Persian:Sang Saboya

5. Urdu : Panwar.³⁴

Taxonomical Classification:³⁵

Table No.1: Taxonomical Classification

Sr. No	Kingdom	Plantae
1	Division	Magnoliophyta/Angiospermae
2	Class	Magnoliopsida/Dicotyledoneae
3	Order	Fabales
4	Family	Leguminosae/Fabaceae
5	Subfamily	Caesalpinioideae
6	Tribe	Cassieae
7	Subtribe	Cassiinae
8	Genus	Cassia
9	Species	tora
10	Botanical Name	Cassia tora L.

Distribution:

Table No.2: Indian Distribution and Global Distribution

Nation

State

Global

India

Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Rajasthan,

Orissa (Odisha), Maharashtra,

West Bengal, Punjab, Tamil Nadu (plains)^[36],

Himachal Pradesh^[37], Karnataka.^[38]

Korea, Nepal, Nigeria^[39]

Pakistan, Bangladesh, and West ChinaSouth Asia^[40]

India, Sri Lanka, West China^[41]

Botanical Description:

Table No.3: Morphology Of Cassia tora Plant

Sr. No	Character	Observations
1	Color	Dark Green
2	Height of the plant	30-90 cm long
3	Leaves	3-4.5 cm in length
4	Leaflets	3 pairs in number, opposite to each other, obovate-oblong in shape,
5	Flowers	Five-petaled, pale yellow flowers in pairs in the leaf axils
6	Stem	The stem is young, its foliage has a particular scent.
7	Seeds	30-50 in a pod, rhombohedral
8	Root:	15-20 cm long.
9	Pod	10–15 cm long, with a sickle form

Fig1: Cassia tora Linn Fig 2 : Leaves

Fig No.3: Pods Fig 4: Seeds

Leaves:

The leaves are complex and typically measure 7.5–10 cm in length. There are three pairs of leaflets, each averaging 2.5–4.5cm. They are membranous, glabrous, obovate-oblong, glaucous, and somewhat pubescent, with a somewhat oblique base, a round average, six to ten conspicuous veins, and diverging venation.^42,43

Root:

The single-layered epidermis of the transverse portion of the root is made up of cubical cells. Three to four layers of epidermis follow. A distinct endodermis with Casparian spots on radial walls is visible in the parenchymatous cortex. A mature root's pericycle is a single-layered ork made up of four to six layers of radially elongated, narrowly rectangular cells. Phelloderm is made up of 12 layers of parenchymatous cells and long, moderately thick fibers. Choline,1,3,5-trihydroxy-6,7-A little quantity of chodimethox 2methylanthraquinone, beta-sitosterol, and anthraquinones are also present in roots.⁴⁴

Flower:

In the leaf axils, flowers often occur in subsessile pairs. Glabrous calyxes are separated into 5mm long, ovate spreading segments at the base. Petals measure 8mm in length and 2.5mm in width, with five of them with a pale yellow hue. They stretch out and are oblong and obtuse.⁴⁵

Seed:

The Seed coat, which is made up of longitudinally elongated cells, is visible in the transverse slice of the seed. A palisade layer, which is made up of parenchyma cells and columnar cells. a large area of parenchymatous cells with strong walls that make up the testa's inner layer, dispersed with a few vascular bundles.⁴⁶Emodin, subrofusarin, chrysophanic acid, 1,8-dihydroxy anthroquinone, betasitosterol, reina glycones such as cassiaside, rubro-fusarin, torosachrysone, quercetin, and its analogue22 were found in the seeds.⁴⁷

Stem bark:

Emodin, β-sitosterol, 5-methoxy-2-methyl anthraquinone-1-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and 1-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, a rare anthraquinone, were isolated from the stem of C. tora Linn. The stem also contains myricyl alcohol, choline, tigonelline, 1-stachydnine, glucose, β-sitosterol, and d-mannitol.⁴⁸

Pods:

The Length of Cassia tora pods is 15-22.5cm (5.9-8.9 inches), and the diameter is up to 0.625cm (0.25 inches). The shape of Cassia tora pods is Long, cylindrical, and slightly curved. The Cassia tora is immature when it is Green in colour its colour turns brown or black after maturation.⁴⁹

Ethno Medicinal Use of Cassia tora Plant:

Parts of the Cassia tora Linn plant show some ethnomedicinal uses mentioned in Table 4.

Phytochemical Constituent:

Natural components originating from plants, known as phytochemicals, have been thoroughly investigated for their medical uses and health advantages.⁶⁰ Name and Structure of phytochemical Constituent of Cassia tora Linn plant are shows in Table No.5.

Table No.4: Ethnomedicinal uses

Sr.No	Alignment Use	Plant part	Referances
1.	Expectorant	Leaves and seeds	6
2.	Acrid	Leaves and seeds
3.	Liver tonic	Leaves and seeds
4.	Anthelmintic	Leaves and seeds
5.	Ophthalmic	Leaves and seeds
6.	Diuretic agent	Seed	51
7.	Antiasthnic aperients	Seed	52
8.	Protection of the liver	Extract of seeds	53
9.	Dysentery	Pods	54
10.	Stomachic	Root	55
11.	Jaundice	This plant's leaves, peppers, and water to make a paste	56
12.	Children suffering from intestinal disorders	Leaves	57
13.	Ulcers, helmenthiasis, impetigo and as a purgative	Leaves, roots, and even the whole plant	58
14.	Blindness, conjunctivitis, hyperdacryosis,	Seed	59
15.	Vision improving, antiasthenic, aperient, diuretic	Seed	59

Table No.5: Phytochemical Constituent

Chemical Structures	Name of structure	Parts of plants	Referances
	Emodine	Leaves	61
	Quercetin	Seed	48
	Kaempferol	Leaves	61
	Physcion	Root	62
	Chrysophanol	Seeds	63

Pharmacological Activities:

Figure 5: Pharmacological Activity

1] Anti-ulcer Activity:

C. tora seeds exhibit anti-ulcerative activity against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar albino rats, supporting traditional uses. When C. tora hydroalcoholic extract was taken orally, the The following factors were evaluated: stomach volume, mean ulcer score, ulcer index, pH, free acidity, and total acidity.⁶⁴C. tora leaf methanol extract exhibits anti-ulcerative activity to prevent BALB/c mice from developing ulcerative colitis caused by dextran sulphate sodium.At a dose of 400 mg/kg of weight of the body, the test medication was discovered to alleviate the symptoms of bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss, and the repair of injured colon tissues over the course of 14 days.⁶⁵

2] Hepatoprotective activity:

The hepatoprotective impacts of methanolic leaf extract at 400 mg/kg have been demonstrated by lowering the levels of transaminase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin in the blood. The entire plant of Cassia tora hydroalcoholic extracts significantly reduced blood marker levels, suggesting that hepatic cells were protected and that paracetamol-induced hepatocellular damage was much mitigated in a way that is depending on dosage.⁶⁶Serum enzyme levels in blood samples from animals fed the hydroalcoholic extracts of C. tora also significantly increased.⁶⁷The carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage was prevented by using the methanol extract of C. tora leaves.⁶⁸The cytoprotective effects of several Cassia tora seed extracts against galactosamine toxicity in primary cultured hepatocytes have been investigated. The dominant culture rat Hepatocytes, extract from methanolic seeds has demonstrated a notable protection of the liver from galactosamine toxicity.⁶⁹

3]Antifungal:

Although C. tora is an antifungal agent, the best formulation for greater drug penetration has not yet been found.⁷⁰Using an in vivo whole plant technique, the fungicidal properties of the chloroform fraction of the whole plant were assessed against Botrytis cineria, Pyricularia grisea, and Rhizoctonia solani. Potent fungicidal efficacy against B. cinerea, P. infestans, and R.solani was demonstrated using the chloroform fraction.⁷¹By using sensitivity testing and culture, an alcoholic extract of Cassia tora seeds was assessed for antifungal activity. At concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 microlitres, the extract demonstrated dose-dependent suppression of dermatophytes derived from patient skin samples.⁷²Using the turbidity method, the decoholized methanol extract of Cassia tora leaves at amount of 100, 200, and 300 microgrammes shown strong antifungal properties against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.⁷³

4]Antioxidant:

The nitric oxide,1,1-diphenyl-1,2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt radical scavenging protocol revealed that the aqueous extract of leaves had better antioxidant and antiradical more effect compared to the ethanolic extract. The methanolic extract's ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated strong antioxidant activity.⁷⁴It was discovered that the proportion of ethyl acetate was more successful in preventing LDL from oxidising in a concentration-dependent way. By preventing LDL oxidation, the data indicate that the soluble portion of ethyl acetate could have a protective action to prevent atherosclerosis.⁷⁵

5]Anti-plasmodial Activity:

The antiplasmodial activity of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (which is susceptible to chloroquine) and Dd2 (which is resistant to chloroquine and susceptible to pyrimethamine) was tested in vitro.⁷⁶

CONCLUSION:

Cassia tora is a versatile plant with a variety of applications in traditional medicine, agriculture, and other industries. As a member of the legume family, it has nitrogen-fixing properties that make it beneficial for soil health. The plant is recognized for its medicinal uses, particularly in Ayurvedic and traditional practices, where its seeds, leaves, and pods are used to treat ailments like constipation, skin disorders, and eye problems. Its seeds contain compounds like anthraquinones, which contribute to its laxative and detoxifying properties. Cassia tora also has industrial applications, such as being a natural dye and a potential source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical research. However, there are concerns regarding its invasive nature in certain regions, where it can outcompete native plants. In conclusion, Cassia tora is a valuable plant with multiple uses, but its cultivation should be managed carefully to avoid ecological disruption. Research into its broader potential in agriculture, medicine, and industry continues to offer promising opportunities.

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Received on 26.05.2025 Revised on 21.08.2025

Accepted on 27.10.2025 Published on 15.04.2026

Available online from April 18, 2026

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2026; 16(2):187-192.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2026.00028

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